全文获取类型
收费全文 | 32443篇 |
免费 | 3577篇 |
国内免费 | 2247篇 |
专业分类
电工技术 | 2767篇 |
综合类 | 2213篇 |
化学工业 | 3597篇 |
金属工艺 | 2400篇 |
机械仪表 | 3091篇 |
建筑科学 | 2150篇 |
矿业工程 | 650篇 |
能源动力 | 1275篇 |
轻工业 | 1220篇 |
水利工程 | 976篇 |
石油天然气 | 2536篇 |
武器工业 | 221篇 |
无线电 | 5424篇 |
一般工业技术 | 4729篇 |
冶金工业 | 775篇 |
原子能技术 | 1736篇 |
自动化技术 | 2507篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 43篇 |
2023年 | 451篇 |
2022年 | 751篇 |
2021年 | 962篇 |
2020年 | 1016篇 |
2019年 | 974篇 |
2018年 | 875篇 |
2017年 | 1185篇 |
2016年 | 1202篇 |
2015年 | 1246篇 |
2014年 | 1796篇 |
2013年 | 1979篇 |
2012年 | 2252篇 |
2011年 | 2721篇 |
2010年 | 1927篇 |
2009年 | 1949篇 |
2008年 | 2007篇 |
2007年 | 2218篇 |
2006年 | 1944篇 |
2005年 | 1645篇 |
2004年 | 1347篇 |
2003年 | 1224篇 |
2002年 | 1059篇 |
2001年 | 774篇 |
2000年 | 660篇 |
1999年 | 537篇 |
1998年 | 447篇 |
1997年 | 450篇 |
1996年 | 427篇 |
1995年 | 338篇 |
1994年 | 285篇 |
1993年 | 244篇 |
1992年 | 209篇 |
1991年 | 189篇 |
1990年 | 154篇 |
1989年 | 163篇 |
1988年 | 109篇 |
1987年 | 86篇 |
1986年 | 78篇 |
1985年 | 77篇 |
1984年 | 72篇 |
1983年 | 55篇 |
1982年 | 60篇 |
1981年 | 14篇 |
1980年 | 12篇 |
1979年 | 6篇 |
1978年 | 5篇 |
1976年 | 8篇 |
1975年 | 5篇 |
1959年 | 12篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
101.
Ultrastructural changes in the cemento‐enamel junction caused by acidic beverages: An in vitro study
Aleksandar D. Mitic Jovanka Z. Gasic Radomir G. Barac Goran S. Radenkovic Slavica M. Sunaric Jelena Z. Popovic Marija M. Nikolic 《Microscopy research and technique》2020,83(2):91-98
The present in vitro study was aimed at evaluating the morphological changes in the cemento‐enamel junction (CEJ) after exposure to acidic beverages using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The initial pH and titratable acidity (TA) was analyzed from follow groups: (I) Coca cola, (II) orange juice, (III) Cedevita, (IV) Red Bull, (V) Somersby cider, and (VI) white wine. The CEJ samples (n = 64), obtained from unerupted third molars, were allocated to one control (artificial saliva, n = 16) and six experimental groups (n = 8). The experimental samples were immersed in beverages (50 ml) for 15 min, three times daily, 10 days, and in artificial saliva between immersions. SEM analysis was performed in a blind manner, according to scoring scale. One‐way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests, as well as Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U test used for statistical analysis. The pH values of the acidic beverages ranged from 2.65 (Coca cola) to 3.73 (orange juice), and TA ranged from 1.90 ml (Coca cola) to 5.70 ml (orange juice) of NaOH to reach pH 7.0. The SEM analysis indicated statistically significant differences between the control samples and those immersed in acidic beverages. The Groups IV, I, and II, showed the highest CEJ damage grade while those of the Group VI were the lowest. All the tested acidic beverages caused morphological changes in the CEJ with a smaller or larger exposure of dentine surface, and were not always related to the pH or TA of acidic beverages. 相似文献
102.
《Ceramics International》2020,46(4):4519-4525
Boron-containing films are promising materials for improving the hardness, wear-resistance and durability of mechanical parts used in industry. We describe a novel approach for deposition of such coatings – by using electron-beam evaporation of boron-containing target material (pure boron or boron nitride) in inert (helium) or chemically-active (oxygen, nitrogen, residual atmosphere) gases at medium vacuum. Boron-containing films deposited on titanium substrates were characterized using a nanohardness tester and a non-contact 3D profilometer. Elemental composition of the coatings was studied using raster electron microscope equipped with a device for EDX analysis. All boron-containing coatings provided significant improvement (by a factor of 4–16) in the microhardness of the substrate surface. 相似文献
103.
Yuzheng Lu Junjiao Li Ligang Ma Zhihang Lu Lei Yu Yixiao Cai 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2021,46(15):9835-9846
Lowering the operational temperature of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is a vital research challenge for achieving broad commercialization of SOFCs. However, there is currently a lack of suitable electrolyte materials with sufficient ionic conductivity. In this review, the recent progress in semiconductor-ionic conductor composite strategies and related key technologies for low temperature SOFCs (LT-SOFCs) applications is highlighted, in particular, emphasizing the demonstration of such composite materials sandwiched between semiconductor electrodes in a symmetrical configuration that has delivered a potent solution. Despite the co-existence of electronic and ionic conduction in the composite membrane, no electronic short-circuiting was displayed, but rather an enhanced device power output was achieved. Here, the recent progresses in the development of SOFCs, from single-layer fuel cells, to two-phase semiconductor-ionic conductor membrane fuel cells with symmetrical electrodes, are discussed. This review will furnish researchers within the SOFC community and beyond with a broader understanding of the theory, development and significance of composite materials for LT-SOFCs. 相似文献
104.
Zohreh Khezri Hajar Shekarchizadeh Milad Fathi 《International Journal of Food Science & Technology》2021,56(5):2255-2263
Opopanax gum/gelatin nanofibre was produced by the electrospinning method, and the efficiency of this new technique for encapsulation of garlic essential oil was investigated. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy results showed the physical and weak interactions between opopanax gum and gelatin, as well as the improvement of their thermal stability in the nanofibres structure. Incorporating 10% garlic essential oil based on biopolymer weight in nanofibres was considered the best percentage. The results confirmed the presence of garlic essential oil in the nanofibres and the improvement of its thermal stability by entrapment to the nanofibre structure. The data of analysis of the stability of garlic essential oil in the forms of free and encapsulated conditions showed that its stability increased at 25 °C from 20 days to more than 60 days. It indicated the efficiency of opopanax gum/gelatin nanofibres as an applicable coating material for stability enhancement of essential oils. 相似文献
105.
Harmonic elimination pulse width modulation (HEPWM) method has been widely applied to multilevel voltage source inverter (MVSI) to remove low frequency harmonics from its output voltage. However, the computation of the HEPWM switching angles for MVSI is very challenging due to several constraints, namely angle sequencing, very tight angular spacing and the numerous possibilities of angles distribution ratio. Realizing the potential of Differential Evolution (DE) to handle complex problems, this work proposes its application to solve the HEPWM problem for cascaded MVSI. Its emphasis is on improving the availability of HEPWM for higher output voltage by extending the maximum range of modulation index (M). It also removes the discontinuities in the switching angles and reduces the number of distribution ratio required to obtain the required solution. Compared to the most advanced (similar) work, i.e., 7-level MVSI with seventeen switching angles, DE covers a wider range of M; the maximum achievable M is 2.80. Furthermore, it exhibits very low second order distortion factor (DF2): for the worst case, the value of DF2 is 0.0014%. To verify the viability of the proposed algorithm, simulation is carried out and hardware prototype is constructed. Both results show very good agreement with the theoretical prediction. 相似文献
106.
107.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2022,47(18):10228-10238
The utilization of biological-, electrode- and conductive material-mediated direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) between exoelectrogenic bacteria and methanogenic archaea for enhancing methane productivity is widely reported in the literature. However, two cardinal questions are still controversial, i.e., which applied voltage value would be more recommended to enhance methane generation? and how the DIET over IIET has the upper hand in enhancing methane productivity? Herein, the influence of different applied voltages to promote biological-, conductive- and electrode-mediated DIET was investigated in MEC-AD reactors with conductive material. Polarized bioelectrodes induced electrode-mediated DIET (eDIET) and biological DIET (bDIET), in addition to cDIET (conductive material-mediated DIET), improved the methane yield to 315.40 mL/g CODr with an applied voltage of 0.9 V. Whereas further increase of applied voltage 1.2 V, lessened methane production efficiency due to high-voltage inhibition and adverse effect on DIET promotion. The anaerobic digestion coupled microbial electrolysis cells with optimal electric potential selectively promotes the DIET through polarized electrodes were confirmed through microbial analysis. As the contribution of DIET increased to 80%, the methane yield increased, and the substrate residue decreased, resulting in a significant improvement in methane production. 相似文献
108.
The fire behavior of various large samples polymers assemblies is an under‐researched topic. In fire risk assessment, the resultant heat release rate of burning different combustibles has to be known. To highlight interactions between components, 2 types of configurations were tested: juxtaposed and layered materials, using a specific radiant panel setup. For juxtaposed assemblies, results indicated that the more flammable component acted as an accelerator for the global combustion kinetics. For layered assemblies, 2 main phenomena were evidenced: the front material acted as a shield delaying the combustion of the backside material and the presence of a backside material induced a thermal thickening that slowed down the combustion of the front material. The experimental burning behaviors of the assembly were compared with a simulated one calculated from the superposition principle. This method was described by introducing a time offset and/or a slowdown factor in the model, confirmed with the use of different assemblies. 相似文献
109.
José de Jesús Nuño Ayón Julián Sotelo Castañon Carlos Alberto López de Alba 《电力部件与系统》2018,46(2):230-241
Wide-area techniques provide a powerful tool to extract spatio-temporal patterns from high-dimensional datasets and can be used for event detection and visualization, data fusion, stability assessment, and coherency analysis. In this paper, a novel blind source separation-based approach for extracting low-frequency spatio-temporal patterns from measured ambient power system data is proposed and a spatio-temporal visualization index is also suggested. This methodology combines a nonlinear hierarchical neural network with a Blind Source Separation (BSS) technique. The neural network allows reducing noise and removing the nonlinear relations among data (preserve dynamic features of interest), while the BSS technique permits extracting spatial and temporal patterns. In addition, the proposed approach takes advantage of the latest techniques in nonlinear estimation of non-stationary time series. Finally, application examples of the proposed framework on real test cases recorded from an actual power system by Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) are presented. The obtained results show that the temporal patterns can be used for extracting and identifying the low-frequency oscillation modes and the spatial patterns can be used for identifying modes with the most contribution in original data. Compared to other BSS approaches, the proposed method has shown to be better for the analysis of real ambient data. 相似文献
110.
Yang Luo Shi-li Zheng Shu-hua Ma Chun-li Liu Xiao-hui Wang 《Journal of the European Ceramic Society》2018,38(16):5282-5293
A novel mullite-bonded SiC-whisker-reinforced SiC matrix composite (SiCw/SiC, SiC whisker-to-SiC powder mass ratio of 1:9) was designed and successfully prepared. Before preparing the composite, the inexpensive lab-made SiCw was first modified by an oxidation/leaching process and then coated with Al2O3. The kinetics results indicate that the oxidation process can be described by improved shrinking-cylinder models. The aspect ratio of SiCw improved after modification. Subsequently, raw materials with a SiC–SiO2–Al2O3 triple-layered structure were obtained after the Al2O3-coating process and used as feedstocks during the subsequent hot-pressing sintering. Finally, the characterization of the composites indicates that the mullite-bonded sample performs better (relative density of 93.8?±?1.4%, flexural strength of 533.3?±?18.2?MPa, fracture toughness of 13.6?±?2.1?MPa?m1/2, and Vickers hardness of 20.6?±?2.5?GPa) than the reference sample without the mullite interface. The improved toughness could essentially be attributed to the moderately strong interface bonding and effective load transfer effects of the mullite interface. 相似文献